Drescription:  The U.S. penny, authorized in 1792, evolved from a large 100% copper coin featuring Lady Liberty (1793) to the current smaller copper-plated zinc coin bearing Abraham Lincoln (since 1909). Key designs included the "Flowing Hair" (1793), "Indian Head" (1859-1909), and "Wheat" reverse (1909-1958). Since 2010, the reverse has depicted the Union Shield.

Evolution of the U.S. Penny
1793-1857: The Large Cent: The first penny was issued in 1793, made of pure copper and nearly the size of a half-dollar. Early designs included the Chain Reverse, Wreath Reverse, Liberty Cap, and Draped Bust.

1857-1909: Smaller Cent & Indian Head: In 1857, the size was reduced and the metal changed to copper-nickel (88% copper, 12% nickel). The "Flying Eagle" was used briefly (1857-1858) before the "Indian Head" design (1859-1909).

1909-Present: The Lincoln Cent: In 1909, Lincoln replaced Liberty for his 100th birthday.

Wheat Penny (1909–1958): Featured two wheat stalks on the reverse.

Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008): Designed for the 150th anniversary of Lincoln’s birth.

Union Shield (2010–Present): The current design, symbolizing Lincoln's preservation of the United States.

Composition Changes: Due to rising copper costs, the coin transitioned to 95% copper/5% zinc in 1962, and finally to 97.5% zinc/2.5% copper plating in 1982.

Historical Significance: The penny was the first coin struck by the U.S. Mint. It has served as a staple for economic transactions, even as its production cost has sometimes exceeded its one-cent face value, and it functions as a psychological buffer against inflation.